由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個環節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元件(jian)都(dou)存在(zai)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，在(zai)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候就(jiu)會產(chan)生功(gong)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)，這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率在(zai)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)傳送(song)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)稱為線(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。線(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)在(zai)輸(shu)送(song)和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，各(ge)設備(bei)元件(jian)和線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)所產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失，包(bao)括固定損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失、可(ke)(ke)(ke)變(bian)(bian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失和其(qi)它損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失。固定損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)或線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失不(bu)隨負荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，與(yu)外加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、設備(bei)容量(liang)和產(chan)品質量(liang)有關可(ke)(ke)(ke)變(bian)(bian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)和線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失隨負荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。如變(bian)(bian)壓器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)、其(qi)它設備(bei)線(xian)(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)和輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)變(bian)(bian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失其(qi)它損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失是(shi)指在(zai)供用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，由于(yu)管理不(bu)善(shan)所造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失。
2電力輸配系統(tong)中降(jiang)損(sun)節能技(ji)術(shu)措施城市電網(wang)可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)合理的電網(wang)規劃來降(jiang)低線損(sun)。電力部門可(ke)充(chong)分利用調度自(zi)動化(hua)系統(tong)、網(wang)損(sun)在線檢測系統(tong)、負荷監控系統(tong)等完善(shan)線損(sun)管理手(shou)段。如利用計(ji)算機軟件進行(xing)(xing)朝流(liu)計(ji)算、潮(chao)流(liu)分析工作。重大方式變(bian)化(hua)時，及時進行(xing)(xing)潮(chao)流(liu)計(ji)算，選擇最佳運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)方式使(shi)其損(sun)耗達到(dao)最小；利用調度自(zi)動化(hua)系統(tong)，制(zhi)定出各變(bian)電所主變(bian)的經(jing)(jing)濟運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)曲線，使(shi)各變(bian)電所主變(bian)保(bao)持最佳或接近(jin)最佳運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀態，保(bao)證(zheng)主變(bian)的經(jing)(jing)濟運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)。
合理使(shi)用(yong)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)。配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)損耗(hao)是配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網損耗(hao)的(de)(de)主要組成部分。因此，降低(di)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)損耗(hao)對于降低(di)整(zheng)個配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)損耗(hao)效果非常明顯。方法主要有：使(shi)用(yong)低(di)損耗(hao)的(de)(de)新(xin)型變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、合理配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)容且你量等。
2.2.1使用低損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗的新型變(bian)壓器(qi)若采用非(fei)晶合金鐵芯變(bian)壓器(qi)，具有低噪(zao)音、低損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗等特點(dian)，其空載(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗僅為常(chang)規(gui)產(chan)品的五分(fen)之一(yi)，且全(quan)密封(feng)免維護，運行費用極低。S11系(xi)統(tong)是目(mu)前推廣(guang)應(ying)用的低損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗變(bian)壓器(qi)，空載(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗較S9系(xi)列低75%左右(you)，其負載(zai)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗與(yu)S9系(xi)列變(bian)壓器(qi)相等。因(yin)此，應(ying)在輸配(pei)電項目(mu)建設環節中(zhong)推廣(guang)使用低損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗變(bian)壓器(qi)。
變(bian)壓(ya)器經(jing)濟運(yun)行(xing)指在傳輸電(dian)量相同的條件(jian)下，通過(guo)擇優選(xuan)取最佳運(yun)行(xing)亍方式和(he)調整負載，使變(bian)壓(ya)器電(dian)能(neng)損(sun)失最低。變(bian)壓(ya)器經(jing)濟運(yun)行(xing)無需(xu)投資，只要(yao)加強供、用電(dian)科學管(guan)理，即可(ke)達到節電(dian)和(he)提高(gao)功率因(yin)數(shu)的目的。
變壓器(qi)的(de)容量、電壓等級、鐵芯(xin)材(cai)質不同(tong)，故運行參(can)數(shu)(shu)各不相同(tong)。因(yin)此變壓器(qi)經濟運行就是選擇參(can)數(shu)(shu)好的(de)變壓器(qi)和最佳(jia)組(zu)合(he)參(can)數(shu)(shu)的(de)變壓器(qi)運行。
大(da)量無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中會導致(zhi)線(xian)路損(sun)耗增大(da)，變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)利用(yong)率(lv)(lv)降低，用(yong)戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跌落。無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補償是(shi)利用(yong)技術措施降低線(xian)損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要措施之(zhi)一，在(zai)有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)合理(li)分(fen)配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，做到無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)合理(li)分(fen)布。無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)置優化是(shi)通過調(diao)整無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)潮流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布降低網(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)(de)有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)損(sun)耗，并保持最好的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)水平，從(cong)而(er)達到降低線(xian)損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。合理(li)地選擇無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補償方式(shi)、補償點及補償容量，能有(you)效地穩定(ding)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)水平，避(bi)免大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)通過線(xian)路遠距離傳輸而(er)造成有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)網(wang)(wang)損(sun)。對(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補償，通常采取集(ji)中、分(fen)散、就(jiu)地相結合的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)自動投切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)可按母線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)高低、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)、功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)、負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)、晝夜(ye)時間(jian)劃分(fen)進(jin)行，具體選擇要根據負荷用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特征來確定(ding)。
裝(zhuang)設并(bing)聯電容器后，系(xi)統(tong)的諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)阻抗(kang)發生(sheng)了變化，對特定頻率的諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)會起(qi)到放(fang)大作(zuo)用，不僅對電容器壽命產生(sheng)影響，而且會使(shi)系(xi)統(tong)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)更加(jia)嚴重。因此有較大諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)而又需補(bu)償(chang)無功的地點應考慮增加(jia)濾波(bo)(bo)裝(zhuang)置。
3.2串聯補(bu)償(chang)，是指在長距離(li)輸(shu)電(dian)線路上裝(zhuang)設電(dian)容(rong)器，以(yi)對線路的電(dian)抗進行補(bu)償(chang)，縮短(duan)電(dian)氣距離(li)提高系統的穩(wen)定水(shui)平。通過加裝(zhuang)串聯補(bu)償(chang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)提高遠距離(li)大(da)容(rong)量系統的送電(dian)能力，實現更大(da)范圍(wei)內(nei)的資源(yuan)優(you)化配(pei)置(zhi)。
同塔多回線(xian)路，是指在同一(yi)個線(xian)路鐵塔上(shang)架(jia)設兩(liang)回及以上(shang)線(xian)路，目的是節省輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路走廊(lang)、降低工程造價。在環境(jing)資源日(ri)趨緊張(zhang)的形勢下，充分利用(yong)輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路走廊(lang)的空間，架(jia)設同塔多回線(xian)路，可(ke)以實現在占用(yong)同樣環境(jing)資源的情況(kuang)下更多地(di)輸(shu)送電(dian)能。
4對配電線(xian)(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)4.1擴(kuo)大導線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)載流水平按導線(xian)(xian)(xian)截(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)原則，可以確定滿足要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)小截(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)；但從長遠來看，選(xuan)用(yong)最(zui)(zui)小截(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)并(bing)不經(jing)濟。如果把(ba)理(li)論(lun)最(zui)(zui)小截(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)加(jia)大一(yi)到(dao)二(er)級，線(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)下降(jiang)所(suo)(suo)節(jie)省的(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)，足可以在(zai)較(jiao)短時間內(nei)把(ba)增加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)投資收回。截(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)加(jia)大后(hou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路無功(gong)損(sun)耗也會有所(suo)(suo)下降(jiang)。由(you)于導線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)年(nian)限(xian)一(yi)般在(zai)10年(nian)以上，加(jia)大截(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)節(jie)能(neng)降(jiang)損(sun)所(suo)(suo)創(chuang)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益是十分顯著的(de)(de)(de)。
4.2選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)架(jia)(jia)(jia)空絕緣(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)空絕緣(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有很大的(de)(de)優點(dian)，隨著輸配電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)節能降耗(hao)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)深入，架(jia)(jia)(jia)空絕緣(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)會得到進(jin)一步推廣應用(yong)(yong)。選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)優點(dian)有：a.提高線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)可靠性。采用(yong)(yong)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)可以防止外(wai)力及特殊情(qing)況(kuang)引(yin)起的(de)(de)相(xiang)間(jian)(jian)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，減(jian)少(shao)合桿(gan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)作(zuo)業(ye)時的(de)(de)停電(dian)(dian)次數(shu)，減(jian)少(shao)維修工作(zuo)量，提高線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)；。可以簡化(hua)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)桿(gan)塔結(jie)構，甚至可以沿墻敷(fu)設(she)，既節約了(le)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)材料(liao)，又美化(hua)了(le)環(huan)境道(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)；。減(jian)少(shao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)能損失(shi)，降低電(dian)(dian)壓損失(shi)，特別是(shi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)空成束(shu)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，由(you)于(yu)其線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)間(jian)(jian)距離極(ji)小，線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)抗僅為普通裸導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)抗的(de)(de)1/3；d減(jian)少(shao)了(le)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)腐蝕(shi)，延長(chang)了(le)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)使用(yong)(yong)壽命。
結束語綜上所述，通(tong)過(guo)對輸配電(dian)線路中各種節能降耗技術(shu)的(de)研究(jiu)，提出了(le)適合(he)電(dian)力輸配系統中降損節能技術(shu)措施。隨著(zhu)我(wo)國(guo)經濟的(de)迅速發展(zhan)，人民(min)生活(huo)水平不(bu)斷提高，電(dian)力已成為(wei)城鄉人民(min)生活(huo)中不(bu)可缺少的(de)一部(bu)分(fen)。